mNjhdpuhk; [l;rd;
1788-1850

mNjhdpuhk; [l;rd; ky;NjdpYs;s krh# nrl;];> vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1788-Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhH. ,tuJ je;ij [l;rd; xU NghjfH. mNjhdpuhk; gpnusd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fy;tp fw;whh;. ,th; gbf;Fk; ehs;fspy; ,tUf;F kpfTk; neUq;fpa ed;gd; flTs; ,y;iynad rhjpf;ff; $ba '<" vd;gtdhFk;. Mifahy; ,th;fs; Ntjj;ijNah> NjtidNah Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f KbahJ. ,th;fsJ Mty; efr;Rit> ehlfj;jpy; mtHfsJ nray;jpwik> gbg;gpy; Mh;tk; ,itfnsy;yhk; ,tHfsJ Fzj;jpy; nghJthapUe;jgbahy; ,UtUk; ez;gh;fshdhHfs;. ,unty;yhk;> ,th;fspUtUk; vjph;fhy tho;f;if> murpay; ,itfisg;gw;wp Ngrp nghOJ Nghf;Fthh;. jd; gl;lg;gbg;ig Kbj;J tPl;Lf;F te;j nghOJ mNjhzpuhk; jd; ngw;Nwhhplk;> flTs; ,y;iynad thjk; Ghpe;jhh;.

,Ugj;njhU tajpypUe;j mNjhzpuhk; Gjpa cyiff;fhz vz;zp> mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s epAahf; efuj;ij Nehf;fp gazkhdhH. mq;F fz;l vy;yhk; ,tH fz;Zf;F ,jkhfTk;> kdjpw;F vOr;rpA+l;LtjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mq;Fs;s xU ehlf fk;ngdpapy; Ntiyf;fkh;e;jhh;. jd;Dila GJ cyfj;jpd; GJ tho;f;ifia mDgtpj;jh;. ,g;gbahf xU tUlk; fope;jJ.

xU ehs; nrg;gPy;l; vd;w ,lj;ijg;gw;wp jd;Dila ez;gHfs; thapyhf cah;thf nrhy;yf;Nfl;L> me;j tho;ifiaAk; mDgtpj;Jg;ghh;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; kdJilatuha; jd;Dila Fjpiuapd; Nky; gazkhdhh;. mtUila khkh mq;F trpj;jgbahy; mth; mq;F jq;fpf; nfhs;syhnkd epidj;jhH. mtUila khkh ntspNa nrd;wpUe;jgbahy; Xh; ,sk; NghjfUld; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mth;fsJ Ngr;R kjj;ijg;gw;wpAk;> ,iwapaiyg;gw;wpAk; mike;jpUe;jJ. md;W ,uT mth; kpfTk; vhpr;rYlDk; rypg;GlDk; fhzg;gl;lhH. MapDk; me;jg; Ngr;R kWgbAk; kdjpy; te;J nfhz;bUe;jjhy; kpfTk; ftiyAld; gLf;iff;Fr; nrd;whh;. mLj;j ehs; KOtJk; ,d;Dk; Nkw;Nf cs;s efuq;fSf;F cy;yhrkhfr; nrd;whH. rhaq;fhykhdNghJ> fle;j ehs; rhaq;fhyk; ele;j ciuahliy epidj;Jg; ghh;j;jhH. jd;Dila ,uitf;fopf;f xU rj;jpuj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whh;.

rj;jpufhg;ghsd;> xNuhNahh; miw khj;jpuk; fhypahf ,Ug;gjhfTk;> me;j miwf;Fg; gf;fj;J miwapy; xU Nehahsp kuzj;jUthapy; ,Ug;gjhy; mtd; ,unty;yhk; rj;jkpLthd; vdTk; $wpdhd;. jdf;F kpfTk; fisg;ghf ,Ue;jjhy; vJthdhYk; guthapy;iy vd me;j miwia Nfl;L thq;fpf; nfhz;lhH.

,unty;yhk; mtUf;F Jhf;fk; tutpy;iy. Vnddpy; gf;ffj;J miwapypUe;J> lhf;flHfs; te;J NghFk; rj;jKk;> Nehahspapd; kuz mywy; rj;jKk; ,tH Jhf;fj;ijf; fiyj;jJ. Mdhy; mtH 'gf;fj;J miwapy; xUtd; ,we;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhd;! kuznkd;why; vd;d? xt;nthU ehSk; kf;fs; kuzkilfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; gf;fj;J miwf;fhuNdh xU thypgd;. mtd; ,e;j kuzj;jpw;F Maj;jkhapUe;jpUg;ghdh? mtd; ,Ujak; epd;w kW epkplk; mtd; vq;Nf Nghthd;? X....vd;d gaq;fu epidT! vd; je;ij mbf;fb ,ijf;Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;YthNu. vd;Dila ed;gd; '<...",ijf;Fwpj;J vg;gbaha; Nfypr;rphpg;G rphpg;ghd;. xU Ntis mtd; ,g;gbg;gl;l gaq;fuj;jpw;Fk;> jpfpYhl;Lk; epidtpw;Fk; kpf Qhdkhd gjpy; itj;jpUg;ghd;. vd; je;ijaplKk; gjpYz;L. xU Ntis ,e;j thypgd; fpwp];jt je;ijia cilatdhf ,Uf;fyhk;."

mNjhdpuhk;> xU ehSk; kwf;fKbahj me;jg; gaq;fu ,uitf; fopj;J kWehs; fhiy> fhg;ghsdplk; me;j thypgDf;F vd;d ele;jJ vd tprhhpj;jhH.

'me;j thypgd; ,we;Jtpl;lhd; Iah."

'INah ghtk; mtd; thypgndd eP nrhd;dha; my;yth?"

'kpfTk; ,sk; thypgd;. ,g;NghJjhd; gbg;ig Kbj;jpUg;ghd; vd epidf;fpNwd;. xU Ntis cq;fsJ taijf;$l xj;jpUf;fyhk;. gpnusd; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gapd;wtdhk;."

'gpnusd; gy;....... mg;gbahdhy; epr;rakhf vdf;Fj; njhpe;jpUf;Fk;. mtd; nganud;d?"

'mtd; ngauh xU epkplk; ,Uq;fs; ghh;j;Jr; nrhy;fpNwd;. ,Njh ,Uf;fpwJ. mtDila ngaH '<....." Iah."

mNjhdpuhKf;F cyfNk xU epkplk; jiyfPohf Rod;wJ. gf;fj;J miwapypUe;J mywpaJ jd;Dila MUaph; ez;gd; <.... ,g;nghOJ mtd; ,we;J tpl;lhd;. flTNs ,y;iynad rhjpf;ff;$ba> cyfj;jpy; vy;yh Nfs;tpf;Fk; rhpahd gjpiyAila <...gjpy;fnyy;yhk; jtwha; Ngha;tpl;lJ. <... xUf;fhYk; kPsKbahj Xhplj;jpw;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhd;. ,e;j epidTfs; mtiu thl;b tijj;jd. jd; tPl;bw;F te;jJk;> jhd; VjhtnjhU ,iwapay; fy;Yhhpapy; ,ide;J gbf;f Ntz;Lnkd jPhkhdpj;jhh;. ,iwapay; fy;Yhhpapy; Nrh;e;J %d;whtJ khjk;> mjhtJ brk;gh; 1808,y; jd;id KOtJk; fpwp];JTf;F mh;g;gzpj;J> fpwp];Jitj; jdJ nrhe;j ,ul;rfuhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.

1812-Mk; Mz;L mNjhzpuhk; Nkhp `rpy;ild; vd;gtiu kze;jhh;. NjtDf;fhf vijahfpYk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd mtUila cs;sk; ghug;gl;lJ. Kjypy; mtH kp\ndhpahf ,e;jpah te;jhH. mg;nghOJs;s ehs;fspy; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa fpof;fpe;jpa fg;ngdpapd; MSiff;Fs; ,Ue;jjhy;> mr;rq;fj;jhh; mNjhzpuhk; [l;rid ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. fyg;igapy; ifitj;jhfptpl;lJ. ,dp gpd;dpl;Lj;jpUk;gf;$lhJ> vd kdjpy; jPHkhdk; gz;zpdtuha;> NjtDila rpj;jj;ijawpa Kaw;rp nra;jhh;. ,Wjpahf mtHfs; gHkhtpYs;s uq;$d; Ngha; NrHe;jh;.

jq;fisg;gw;wpajhd NjtDila jpl;ltl;l Nehf;fk; gHkhtpy; NjtDila Copak; nra;tNj vd fz;Lnfhz;L mNjhzpuhk; [l;rd; jk;gjpahh; mq;F NjtDila tpijia tpijf;f Muk;gpj;jdH. me;j ehl;fspy; Gj;jkjj;ijr; rhh;e;jtHfs; cs;s gHkhtpy; XU kp\ndhp$l ,y;iy. vhpfpw nta;apypYk;> GOjp epiwe;j uq;$d; efuj;jpYk;> kdr;Nrhh;it cz;lhf;Fk; NrW epiwe;j njUf;fspYk; MW tUlq;fs; jpdKk; 15 kzpNeuk; ghLgl;l gpwF> Kjypy; xUtH ,ul;rpf;fg;gl;lhH. [l;rd; jk;gjpapdUf;F Kjy; Foe;ij ,we;Nj gpwe;jJ. ,uz;lhtJ Foe;ijAk; ,we;J Nghapw;W. jl;gntg;g epiy xj;Jf;nfhs;shky; Md;Nkhp mbf;fb RftPdkhdhy;. kUj;Jtj;jpdpkpj;jk; Md;Nkhp rpwpJ ehs;fs; ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gNtz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jdH. mNjhzpuhKila vz;znky;yhk;. 'ehd; nra;tnjy;yhk; NjtDf;Fg; gphpakhapUf;fpwjh?" vd;gjhFk;. gh;kpaHfs; ,d;Dk; Mokhf RtpNr\j;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why; gh;kpa nkhopapy; NjtDila thh;j;ij Njit vd;gij mNjhzpuhk; czh;e;jhh;. Mifahy; jpdKk; 14 kzpNeuk; gh;kpa nkhopia El;gkha; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; nrytopj;jhh;. ifnae;jpuj;ijf; nfhz;L mNdf ifg;gpujpfs; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhh;. xUehs; ,tH ifg;gpujpiag; gbj;Jtpl;L xU kdpjd; tPL Njbte;J> ,NaR fpwp];Jitg;gw;wp jhd; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,d;Dk; Gj;jfq;fs; Njitnadf; Nfl;lhd;. clNd jhd; nkhopngah;j;J Kbj;jpUe;j kj;NjA 5 mjpfhuq;fis mtdplk; nfhLj;jhh;. ,g;gbahf jhfKs;s Mj;Jkhf;fs; vOk;g Muk;gpj;jdH.

MWtUl fLk; ciog;gpw;Fg; gpwF khq;nes vd;gtd; kde;jpUk;gp Qhd];ehdk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. mtidj;njhlHe;J gjpndl;Lg; Ngh; Qhd];ehdk; vLj;jdH. ,jw;fpilapy; mNjhzpuhk; Gjpa Vw;ghl;il nkhopngah;j;J Kbj;J mij mr;rpl;L Ntspapl;lhh;. ,tHfNshL Nrh;e;J nfhs;s `h/g; jk;gjpaH kp\ndhpfshf gh;kh te;J Nrh;e;jdH. `h/g; vd;gtH mr;Rj; njhopypy; ifNjh;e;jtH. mg;NghOJ gHkhtpw;Fk;> gphpl;b\; Njrj;jpw;Fk; Aj;jk; %sNt> kp\ndhpfnsy;yhk; xw;wHfshff; fUjg;gl;L rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldH. mNjhzpuhKk; rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,UgJ khjq;fs;> MW thuq;fs; fopj;J tpLjiyaile;jhH. mth; tPL jpUk;gpa NghJ mtH kidtp RftPdkhapUe;jhs;. xUehs; mtH ntspA+H nrd;wpUe;jNghJ mtH kidtp kuzkile;jhs;. gpwF rpwpJ khjj;jpw;Fs; ,tUf;fg;gpwe;j %d;whtJ ngz; Foe;ijAk; ,we;J Nghapw;W. rhPuj;jpYk;> kdjpYk; gytPdKk;> ftiyAk; nfhz;ltuha; fhl;bw;Fs; rpwpJ fhyk; nrd;W> NjtNdhL jdpj;jpUg;gjpYk;> gpurq;fpg;gjpYk;> Ntjj;ij nkhopngah;g;gjpYk; nrytpl;lhH. 1834-Mk; Mz;L Ntjk; KOikAk; gh;kpa nkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;J Kbj;jhH. mNdf rigfs; ,tH %ykha; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,tH Ehw;wf;fzf;fhz Mj;Jkhf;fSf;F Qhd];ehdk; nfhLj;jhH. jpBnud;W raNuhf Neha; ,Ug;gjhf ,th; rhPuj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpahf jd;Dila 62-Mk; tajpy; 1850-Mk; tUlk;> jd;Dila RftPdj;jpd; Nghpy; fly; ahj;jpiu nrd;wNghJ eLf;flypy; kuzkile;J flypy; mlf;fk; gz;zg;gl;lhH.