fpshb];
My;thHL
'kpf rpwpa
ngz;kzp" vd;Wk; ' ,q;fpyhe;jpd; rpl;Lf;FUtp" vd;Wk; nry;ykhf
miof;fg;gLk; fpshb]; Nk gpg;uthp 24k; ehs; 1902-Mk; tUlk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
,yz;ld; efhpd; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; trpj;Jte;j My;thHL jk;gjpfSf;F Kjy;
kfsha;g; gpwe;jhH.
gjpdhd;F taJ
epuk;gpa fpshb]; gs;spg;gbg;ig epWj;jptpl;L FLk;gj;jpd; tUthiar; rw;W
mjpfkhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL xU Ntiyapy; mkh;j;jg;gl;lhs;. thypg
tajpNy> typgg; ngz;fSf;Fhpa ghzpapy;> mts; xU tUq;fhy ebifahf
khwNtz;Lk; vd;W gfy; fdT fz;Lnfhz;bUe;jhs;. glf;fhl;rpf;F nry;Yk;
Nghnjy;yhk; jhDk; xU fhyj;jpy; jpiuapy; fhzg;gLk; ebifiag;Nghy
vy;yhiuAk; kfpo;tpg;Ngd; vd vz;zp te;jhs;.
xU thuj;jpd;
ehs; mts; ,yf;fpd;wp njUtpNy ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ rpy thypgg; ngz;fs;
mtisg; gyte;jkhf XH Myaj;jpw;Fs; mioj;Jr; nrd;whHfs;. jd;Dila
tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf> jhd; cs;Ns mioj;j tug;gl;ljhy; me;j Myaj;jpy;
ele;j ve;j epfo;r;rpiaAk;> gpurq;fj;ijf;$l ftdpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;
Muhjid Kbe;J ntspNa tUk;NghJ xUtpj fyf;fj;NjhL mts; te;jhs;.
gpurq;fj;jpd; xU rpy thHj;ijfs; mtisAk; mwpahky; mts; cs;sj;jpy;
gjpe;jJ tpl;ljhy; mt; thHj;ijfs; mtNshL Ngr Muk;gpj;jd. ,jd; tpisthy;
mts; mt;thyaj;jpd; NghjfNuhL rw;W Ngr tpUk;gp Nghjfhpd;
tPl;bw;Fr;nrd;why;.
Nghjfhpd;
tPl;bNy> Nghjfhpd; kidtp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jjhy;> jd;Dila fyf;f epiyia
mt;tk;ikahhplk; fpshb]; $wpdhH. Nghjfhpd; tPl;bypUe;J ntspNa tUk;NghJ
fpshb]; xU Gjpa> fpwp];JTf;Fs; Gjpa ngz;zhf ntspNa te;jhs;. me;j
ehspypUe;J> fpwp];Jtpd; NritapypUe;J toptpyftpy;iy.
xU ehs;
fpshb]; NgUe;J xd;wpy; gpuahzk; nra;Ak;NghJ xU nra;jpj;jhis gbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. 'rPdhtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf Mfha tpkhdk; gwe;jJ" vd;w
nra;jpj;njhFg;ig mts; fz;fs; fz;ld. mJ tpNehjkh? Mk;> tpNehjNk. rPdh
mg;NghJjhd; Nkw;F ehLfspd; ehfhPfj;ijg;Ngdp gpd;gw;w jiyg;gl;lJ.
'fy;YhhpfSk;> kUj;JtkidfSk;> gs;spf;$lq;fSk; Gjpjhfj;
jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; rPdhtpy; ,d;Dk;
fpwp];Jitf; Fwpj;J Nfs;tpg;glhky; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;" vd;W mr;nrha;jpj;jhs;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jijf; fpshb]; ftdpj;jhs;. me;Neuj;jpypUe;J mts; vz;zk;>
Ngr;R vy;yhk; rPdhitr; Rw;wpNa mike;jJ.
tPlbYk;>
Myaj;jpYk; ghHg;gtHfsplnky;yhk; 'ehd; rPdhTf;Fg; nghf Ntz;Lk" vd;W $wp
te;jhs;. ,ij Nfs;tpg;gl;l mts; je;ij mts; kPJ Nfhgk; nfhz;L ,j;jifa
Kl;lhs; Ngr;ir epWj;jptpL vd mjl;bdhH. Mdhy; fpshb]; tpl;l ghby;iy.
mts; xt;nthU %r;Rk;> 'rPdh rPdh" vd;W fjWtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. fhiyapy;
,Ue;J khiytiu rPdhtpd; vz;zNk mts; kdjpy; Fb nfhz;bUe;jJ. flTs; mtisr;
rPdhTf;Fg; Nghf VtpaJ kWf;f Kbahj xd;whfptpl;lJ> ,JNt mtsJ Mo;e;j
mDgtkha;tpl;lJ.
'NgR>
NgR> rPdhitg;gw;wpNa NgR> NgRtjw;F NtW xd;Wkpy;iyah> cdf;Fg;
gbg;Gk; ,y;iy vt;tpj njhopYk; njhpahJ. eP rPdh nrd;W vd;d
nra;ag;Nghfpwha;" vd;W fpshb]pd; je;ijahH xU ehs; mtsplk; fLikahfg;
Ngrptpl;lhH.
je;ijahhpd;
fLQ;nrhw;fisg; nghWf;f Kbahj fpshb]; fz;zPH tbj;jhs;. Mdhy; mf;fz;zPH
kj;jpapYk; mtSila ehT 'rPdh rPdh mijj;jtpu ehd; vijg;gw;wpg; NghRNtd;"
vd cswpaij mts; czHe;jhs;.
fpshb]pd;
tplhKaw;rpiaAk;> Fd;wh thQ;iriaAk;> gagf;jpiaAk; fz;l mts;
ngw;NwhH rpwpJ rpwpjhf mtSf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jdH. fpshb]; gbg;gwpT Fiwthf
,Ue;jjhy;> ve;j kp\ndwpr; rq;fq;fSk; mtisr; rPdh mDg;g Kd;tutpy;iy.
filrpahf jd; nrhe;j Kaw;rpahYk; gzj;jhYk; rPdh nry;y KbTfl;bdhs;
fpshb];. ,jw;fpilapy; gy ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W rPdhitg;gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;J
nfhz;lhs;. rPdhtpy; 73taJ epuk;gpa jpUkjp ,yhrd; vd;w mk;ikahH jdpikahf
gy Mi;Lfshf Copak; nra;;tjhfTk; jd;NdhL NrHe;J Copak; nra;a thypgkhd
ngd;kdp XUtSf;fhf mtHfs; n[gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs; vd;Wk; xU ed;gH
%yk; Nfs;tpg;gl;l fpshb]; mg;ngz;kdp ehd;jhd; vd KbTnra;J rPdhTf;Fg;
gazk; nry;yj; Jbj;jhs;.
,e;Ew;whz;bd;
Kjy; ghfj;jpy;> XU ehl;bypUe;J kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F gpuahzk; nra;tJ
mt;tsT ,Nyry;y. mjpYk; rPdh nry;tnjd;why; kpfTk; fbdk;. ,r;#o;epiyapd;
kj;jpapy; xU thopgg;ngd; jdpahf gpuahzk; nra;tJ kdpj vz;zj;jpd;gb
Kl;lhs;jdNk. Mdhy; fpshb]; rPdhtpy; fhy; itf;Fk;tiu mts; kdk;
,isg;ghwhj epiyapy; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mtSila vz;znky;yhk;>
fdTfnsy;yhk;> rPdhtpy; jdf;fhff; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Copakhf ,Ue;jJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J Giftz;b%yk; rPdh nry;y Ntz;Lkhdhy; gy ehs;fs;
MFk;> ,u\pah>[g;ghd; Kjypa ehLfspd; topahff; fle;JNghf Ntz;Lk;.
gy ,ilA+Wfs; Vw;glyhk;. xU ngz;kdp jdpikahfg; gazk; nra;tJ Nghugj;J
epiwe;jJ. MapDk; fpshb]; kdk; jsutpy;iy. jd;Dila gazr;rPl;Lf;Fj;
Njitahd gzj;Jf;fhf xU Ntiyapy; mkHe;jhH fpshb]; mk;ikahH. mg;NghJ
mtUf;F RkhH taJ Kg;gJ (30). jd;Dila gazr;rPl;bd; nkhj;j kjpg;G 47
gTz;L. 47 gTz;L vd;gJ mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUe;njhifahFk;. ,JTk; %d;whtJ
tFg;G> xUtopf;fhd gadr;rPl;bd; kjpg;G. ,e;j 47 gTz;ilAk; nkhj;jkhff;
fl;lKbahky; khjhkhjk; jtizKiwapy; fl;b filrpapy; jd; gazrPl;ilf; ifapy;
ngw;whs;. gazr;rPl;ilf; ifapy; ngw;wehs; mtUf;F xU nghd;dhshf ,Ue;jJ.
1932-Mk;
Mz;L mf;NlhgH 15-Mk; ehs; fpshb]pd; jhahUk;> xU rpy ed;gh;fSk;
fpshbRf;F gphpahtpil nfhLj;J Gif tz;bapy; Vw;wp> top mDg;gpdH.
mtUila xU rpy %l;il Kbr;Rf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,lj;ij milj;Jf;nfhz;lJ
topf;Fj; Nitahd czNt. XU rpy nghUs; fNshL XH Vio kfshf fpshb]; mk;ikahH
jd; jha; ehl;iltpl;L rPdh Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;jhH. gazj;jpy; jhNd NjdPH
Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; rf gpuahzpfs;
ey;ytHfshf ,Ue;jdH. rpy Ntisfspy; mts; ngz;zhf ,Ug;gjhy; fLikahfTk;
elj;jpdH. rpy Ntisfspy; Giftz;b epiyaj;jpNyNa jdpikahf ,uitf; fopf;f
Nehpl;lJ.
,u\pahtpy;
,tH gl;lghLfs; gy> rPdhTf;Fg; Nghfhky; ,u\pahtpNy murhq;f ifjpahf
fUjg;gLk; epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ. mtuJ EioTr;rPl;by;;;; 'kp\ndwp" vd;W
Nghlg;gl;bUe;jij jtwhf nghUs;gLj;jg;gl;L mtH xU nghwpahsH(something to
do with machines) vdf; fUjg;gl;L> ,u\pahtpNyNa ,Ue;J tpl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W gyte;jg;gLj;jg;gl;lhH. mtUila EioTr;rPl;L> nghUs;fs; vy;yhk;
xopj;J itf;fg;gl;L ,u\pahtpNyNa mtH ,Ue;JtpLk; #o;epiyia Vw;gLj;jpdH.
mtH mjpfkhf n[gpj;jhH. jd; ngw;NwhUf;F ,ijf;Fwpj;J vOJk;NghJ:
'n[gj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d vd;gij ehd; mwpe;Js;sNsd; vd;W epidj;Jte;Njd;. Mdhy;
n[gj;jpd; typikia ,r;#o;epiyapy;jhd; cz;ikahf mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. vy;yhk;
vdf;F tpNuhjkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtH vd; mUNf te;J> vd; Jd;gq;fs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; ePf;fp vd;id ghJfhg;ghd XH ,lj;Jf;F nfhz;Lte;Js;shH.
Mdhy; vd; ,ul;rfiu ,g;nghOJ ehd; vt;tz;zkhf mwpe;Jzh;e;Js;Nsd; vd
epidf;Fk;NghJ ,j;jifa ,ilA+Wfs; gytw;iwf; fle;J nry;y ehd;
Maj;jKs;stshf ,Uf;fpNwd;" vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
xUthW
,u\pahpd; ifapypUe;J tpLgl;L fpshb]; mk;ikahH [g;ghd; mile;jhH. Mdhy;
,Jtiu jhd; mzpe;jpUe;j xNu xU kQ;rs; cil mjpf mOf;fhf ,Ue;jJ. [g;ghdpaH
mjpf Rj;js;stHfs;. NkYk; fpshb]; mk;ikahhpd; fhYiw xd;wpy; (sock) xU
nghpa Xl;ilapUe;jjhy; mij fow;wp itf;f ntl;fg;gl;lhH.
[g;ghdpypUe;J
rPdhTf;F xU nghpa glfpy; Gwg;gl;lhH fpshb]; mk;ikahH. etk;gH 8-Mk; ehs;
fg;gy; khYkp fpshb]; mk;ikahiu mioj;J kWfiuapYs;s rPdh ehl;il mtUf;Ff;
fhz;gpj;jhH. me;j kQ;rs; flypd; kWfiuapYs;s rPdh ehl;ilg;ghHj;j mtH>
mtUila fz;fis ek;g Kbatpy;iy. mq;Nf epd;wtz;zk;> rPdh ehl;Lf;fhf>
rPd kf;fSf;fhf jd; tho;f;ifia kWgbAk; mHg;gzpj;jhH. Bd;l;rpd; vd;w
flw;fiu efhpypUe;J Giftz;b%ykhfTk;> Ng&e;J%ykhfTk;> fOijNky;
rthhp nra;Jk; gy ehs;fs; gazk; nrd;W jpUkjp ,yhrd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lkhfpa
ahq;nrd; efH mile;jhH.
jpUkjp
,yhrd; gy Mz;Lfs; rPdhtpy; Copak; nra;jjhy;> rPdhtpd;> mjd;
kf;fspd; kuG> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tho;f;if Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpj;J
gofpg;NghapUe;jhH. Mdhy; fpshb]; mk;ikahUf;Nfh vy;yhk; Gjpjhf tpNdhjkhf
,Ue;jJ. vq;F ghHj;jhYk; kf;fs; $l;lk;> mOf;Fg;gpbj;j Foe;ijfs;>
Rj;jkw;w njUf;fs;> tpLfs;-vy;yhk; tpNdhjkhf ,Ue;jd> Mdhy; mtH
kdk;jsutpy;iy. jhd; rPdh te;J NrHe;jNj flTSila elj;Jjy; vd;W czHe;J
mtUf;F ed;wp nrYj;jpdhH.
mtH jpUkjp
,yhrd; ,y;yj;Jf;F te;J NrHe;j ehs; kpff;fisg;ghapUe;jjhy;> gLj;J
,iog;ghw Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhH. vq;Nf gLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;ljw;F
vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; gLj;Jf; nfhs; vd;w gjpiyg; ngw;whH. MfNt XH
miwiaj;njhpe;J nfhz;L> mjd; jiuapYs;s Fg;ig $sq;fis xUGwk; ngUf;fp
xJf;fptpl;L jd; gLf;ifr; RUisia jiuapy; tphpj;jhH. cilia
khw;wNtz;bapUe;jjhy; fjT [d;dy; %l nrd;whH. [d;dy;fspy; jpiu fz;zhb
xd;WNk ,y;iy. fjTk; ,y;iy. jpUkjp ,yhrd; mijf;Fwpj;J ftiyg;glhky;>
eP ,Uf;Fk; tz;zNk gLj;Jf;nfhs;. Vnddpy; fjT ,y;yhjjhy; cd; cilia khw;wp
itg;ghahdhy; mJ jpUl;Lg;Ngha;tpLk; vd;W $wpdhH. fisg;ghapUe;jjhy; ed;F
Jhq;fp fhiy vOe;jhH. vOe;jNghJ fz;zhb ,y;yhj vy;yh [d;dy;fspypUe;J gy
kQ;ry; epw Kfq;fs; jd;id Nehf;fp Mr;rhpakhfg; ghHg;gij fpshb]; mk;ikahH
fz;lhH. nts;is epw me;epaH xUtH te;Js;shH vd;w nra;jp gutpajhy;
mtiug;ghHf;f gyh; $bapUe;jdH. mk;Kfq;fisg; ghHj;j mtH> mtHfs; Nky;
,uf;fk;: nfhz;L> md;gpdhy; epug;gg;gl;L> ,k;Kfq;fSf;fhfNt ehd;
,j;jid ghLfs; gl;L ,q;F te;Js;Nsd; jd;idNa Njw;wpf;nfhz;lhH.
md;W
njhlq;fpa Copak;> mtH rPdhtpy; ,wf;Fk;tiu Kg;gj;njl;L Mz;Lfs;
eilngw;wJ. vj;jid Nfhbf;fzf;fhz Mj;Jkhf;fs; njhlg;gl;ld vd;gJ
epj;jpaj;jpy;jhd; fzf;fplg;gLk;.
MNkd;