Nkhp ];NyrH
1848-1915
Nkhp
];NyrH> 1848-Mk; tUlk;> brk;gH khjk; 2-Mk; ehs; ];fhl;yhe;J
Njrj;jpy; Xh; Viof; FLk;gj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ kfshf gpwe;jhs;. je;ijNah
gaq;fu Fbfhuh;. jha; gf;jp epiwe;j ngd;. je;ij fhyzpfs; jahhpf;Fk; xU
filapy; Ntiy nra;jhh;. fpilf;Fk; nrhw;g gzj;ijAk; FbapNyNa nryT
nra;jgbahy; FLk;gk; kpfTk; tWik epiyf;F js;sg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,tHfs;
FLk;gk; gpiog;Gf;fhf lz;B vd;w gl;lzj;jpw;F FbngaHe;J Nghf NeHe;jJ.
mq;F FLk;g tUkhdj;jpw;fhf gjpndhU taNj epuk;gpa Nkhp xU kpy;ypy; Ntiy
nra;jhh;.
jha; jd;
gps;isfSf;Ff; fpwp];Jitg;gw;wpAk;> mtuJ md;igg;gw;wpAk; $Wths;.
,jdhy; gps;isfs; je;ijiag; Nghyy;yhJ> fpwp];Jtpd;
rj;jpaj;jpw;Fs;> Mokha; tsh;f;fg;gl;ldH. gbg;igj; njhlHtjw;F jUzk;
fpilf;fhky; Nghdjhy; Nkhpf;F kw;w Gj;jfq;fis gbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Mh;tk;
Vw;gl;lJ. xUehs; jhahH rigapd; 'kjhe;ju tp[ak;" vd;w gj;jphpifia nfhz;L
te;jNghJ> Nkhp mij KOtJk; thrpj;jhs;. mjpYs;s kp\ndhp gFjpfSk;>
epyq;fisg;gw;wpa tiu glKk; Nkhpia fth;e;jd. mNef ehl;L epyq;fspd; tiu
glq;fisAk;> mq;F nra;ag;gLk; kp\ndhp Copaq;fisg;gw;wpAk; mNef
tp\aq;fis Nrfhpf;f Muk;gpj;jhs;. ,jw;fpilapy; ,uhgh;l; vd;w %j;j
mz;zDk;> Nkhpf;F mLj;jhw;Nghy cs;s ,uz;L gps;isfSk; njhlHe;J
,we;JNghapdH. ,e;j Nghpog;ig Nkhpay; jhq;f Kbahtpl;lhYk;> NjtDf;Fs;
jd;id jplg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhs;. kp\ndhpg; gzpf;fhf jd;id
xg;Gf;nfhLj;jpUe;j mz;zd; ,we;JNghdgbahy;> jd; FLk;gj;jpy; jd;id
kp\ndhpg; gzpf;fhf xg;Gf;nfhLf; Ntz;Lnkd Nkhp jPh;khzk;gz;zpdhs;. gpwF
Fbfhu je;ijAk;> mjpfk; Fbg;gjpdhy; Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;jhh;.
Nkhpahy;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspy; Mgphpf;fhtpy; cs;s fhyhghh; vd;w
kp\ndhpj;jsk; Nkhpapd; ftdj;ij ftHe;jJ. Vwf;Fiwa cyfj;jpy; vy;yh
gfq;fspYs;s kp\ndhpj; jsj;jpypUe;Jk; CopaHfs; Nkhpapd; rigapy; Ngrp
,Ue;Jk; fhyhghh; vd;w ,lj;jpypUe;J xU kp\ndhpAk; jd; rigapy; Ngrtpy;iy
vd;w vz;zk; mtSf;Fs; te;jNghJ Mr;rhpakhapUe;jJ. me;ehspypUe;J fhyhghh;
vd;w ,lj;ijg;gw;wpajhd mNef tp\aq;fis Nkhp Nrfhpf;f Muk;gpj;jhs;. 'me;j
,lk; ahuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhj> Rfhjhukw;w XH ,lkhFk;." vd xU kp\ndhp
nrhd;dhh;. 'mq;Fs;s kf;fs; vg;nghOJk; rz;il nra;Ak; FzKilNahh;> mJ
300tUlq;fshf mbikfis Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; XH ,lk;>" vd kw;nwhUtH
nkhope;jhH. ,d;ndhUtH> 'goq;FbapdH thOk; gaq;fukhd>
gpy;yp#dpaj;jhy; Msg;gLk; ,lkhFk;" vd;whh;. mJ> nfhiyfSk;>
rz;ilfSk;> nfhz;lJ> eukhkpr gl;rpdpfs; thOk; ,lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ.
,itfisnay;yhk; Nfs;tpg;gl Nfs;tpg;gl mk;kf;fs;ghy; Nkhpapd; cs;sk;
<h;f;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; kz;il Xl;il tzq;Ffpd;wdH> me;epa NjtHfSf;F
eugyp nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ> Fw;wthsp tp\k; cz;Zk;gbNah> nfhjpf;Fk;
vz;nza;f;Fs; iftpLk;gbNah jz;lid ngWtH vd;Wk; Nfs;tpg;gl;lNghJ mtHfSf;F
kPl;gH fpwp];Jitg;gw;wp mwptpf;f Jbj;jhs;. fhyhghUf;F kp\ndhpahfr;
nry;y Nkhp ];NyrH Mty; nfhz;lhs;.
,Wjpahf Nkhp
];NyrH mtuJ tpUg;gj;jpd;gbNa may;ehl;L kp\ndhp ];jhgdj;jpdhy;
mDg;gg;gl;L> 1875-Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; Ie;jhk; Njjp> v];. v];.
vjpNahg;gpah vd;w fg;gypd; %yk; Mg;gphpf;f ehL gazkhdhh;. mg;nghOJ
fg;gypDs; Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd gPg;gha;fs; mLf;fpitf;fg;gl;bUgijg; ghHj;J>
mitfs; 'tp];fp" vd Nfl;L mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;. mg;nghOJ ,tUf;Fs; xU rthy;
fpsk;gpaJ. tp];fpfs; cs;s Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd gPg;gha;fs; Mgphpf;fhTf;F
nry;fpd;wd> Mdhy; kp\ndhpNah xNu xUtHjhd; nry;fpwhh;.
Mg;gphpf;fhtpYs;s
fhyhghh; te;J Nrh;e;jTld; bA+f;nlsd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; kp\ndhp gzpahw;wpa
jpU. Mz;lH;rd; vd;gtuJ tPl;by; jq;fpdhh;. jpU. Mz;lh;rd;Dk; jpUkjp.
Mz;lh;rd;Dk; ];NyrUf;F md;G ghuhl;bdhh;fs;.
Mg;gphpf;fh
,Uz;l fz;lnkd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xUtUf;nfhUtH kpUfj;jdkha; rz;ilapl;Lf;
nfhs;tJk;> Mg;gphpf;f mbikfs; gd;wpapDk; Nflha; elj;jg;gLtJk;>
Mg;gphpf;f ,sk; ngz;fs; mbik jhuq;fshf tpw;fg;gLtJk;> Nkhp ]NyrH
fz;L Vd; mt;thW ,Uz;l fz;lnkd miof;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;lhH.
Fbj;J ntwpj;J> ,uT KOtJk; eldk; gz;ZtJ> xt;nthU FOTk;
%h;f;fkha;r; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;tJ ,itfs; mth;fs; tho;f;ifapd; xU gFjp.
,tHfSila ngz;fspy; ahUf;fhtJ ,ul;ilg; gps;isfs; gpwe;Jtpl;lhy;> mJ
gprhrpd; rf;jpapdhy; cz;lhdJ vd fUjp gps;isfisf; nfhd;WtpLtH. jhiaf;
fhl;Lf;Fs; tpul;btpLtH. xU fpuhkj; jiytd; khpj;Jtpl;lhy; mtNdhL$l mtdJ
ngz;[hjp> gps;isfisAk; ntl;bg; Gijj;J tpLtH. ,g;gbg; gl;ltHfSf;Ff;
fpwp];J ,NaRitg; gpurq;fpf;fj;jhd; Nkhp ]Nyrh; ghuq;nfhz;L mq;F
nrd;whh;.
Kjypy;
mq;Fs;s gps;isfSf;F vOjg;gbf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;gb tFg;Gfis itj;J
elj;jpdhh;. Muk;gj;jpy; gps;isfs; nfhQ;rkhf te;jhYk; gbg;gbahf mJ
1>000 vd caHe;jJ. Qhapw;Wf; fpoikfspy; mJ Xa;Tehs; gs;spf;$lkhf
elf;Fk;. me;j ehspy; mtH ,NaR fpwp];Jitg;gw;wpAk;> mtuJ
gz;igg;gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf; $Wthh;. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; ejpiaf;fle;J gf;fj;J
fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W mq;Fs;s kf;fisr; re;jpj;Jg; NgRthh;. nghJthf
jd;Dld; nfhQ;rk; kUe;JfSk; fhak;fl;Lk; JzpfSk; vLj;Jr; nry;thh;.
bA+f;nlsTdpy;
Nkhp jq;fpapUe;j kp\ndhp tPL kpfTk; trjpAs;sJ. Mdhy; ,tuJ ,uz;lhtJ
gzpj;jskhfpa Xy;L nlsdpy; cs;s tPL> rw;W ,be;J Nghd kz;RtH tpL.
trjpf;Fiwthd ,lj;jpy; thof;$lj; jd;idg; gapw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;
,tH. jd; trjpiaNah> jd; ,d[d ge;Jf;fspd; rf thrj;ijNah Fwpj;J>
mtH ftiyg;glNtapy;iy.
mtH jk;
%d;whk; gzpj;jskhfpa Xf;Nfhahq; vd;w fpukj;jpw;F Fbngah;e;J nrd;whh;.
,tH Kbit kp\d; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. Xf;Nfhahq; fpuhkj;J kf;fs; kpfTk;
nfhbatHfs;. ,tHfs; ntspNa nry;Yk;NghJ MAjkzpahky; nry;yNt khl;lhHfs;.
Vnddpy; gf;fj;J fpuhkj;jpYs;Nshh; kPJ ek;gpf;if fpilahJ.
gpy;yp#dpak;> eQ;irf;Fbf;fr; nra;Ak; gof;fk;> ,ul;ilg;
gps;isfisf; nfhy;Yjy;> kdpj jiyfis Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;w nfhba gof;f
tof;fq;fs; mtHfs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;ld. ,tHfSf;F rpwpJ rpwpjhf RtpNr\k;
nrhy;yp mth;fsJ gof;f tof;fq;fspdpd;W mtHfis khw;wpdhh;. vq;nfy;yhk; ,U
fpuhkq;fSf;fpilapy; rz;il %sg;Nghfpwnjd Nfs;tpg; gLthNu> mq;nfy;yhk;
ijaphpakhfr; nrd;W rz;ilia epWj;jptpLthH.
gy fpuhkj;
jiyth;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;whh;. jiytHfs; mthplk; mNyhridf;fhf
tUthh;fs;. vy;yhUf;Fk; mtH ePjpgjpahfTk;> MrphpiaahfTk;>
kUj;JtuhfTk;> ez;guhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. NjtDila md;gpd; fphpiafis>
kf;fs; Nkhpapy; fz;ldH. Xf;Nfhahq; kf;fs; fhyhghhpd; kf;fis xUNghJk;
ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. Mifahy; gifAdh;r;rpNa ,Ue;J te;jJ. fhyhghhpy; kf;fs;
cgNahfpf;Fk; rpy mj;jpahtrpa czTg;nghUs;fs; Xf;Nfhahq; kf;fs; fz;zhy;$l
ghh;j;jJ fpilahJ. ,ijawpe;j Nkhp ];NyrH fhyhghhpd; kf;fSf;F fbjk; vOjp
re;ijg; nghUs;fisg; glFfspy; Vw;wp vLj;JtUk;gbr; nrhd;dhH. gpwF Nkhp
Vohk; ypNah vd;w murDf;F fbjk; vOjp Xf;Nfhahq; jiytHfis tuNtw;Fk;gb
nrhd;dhH. me;j ,uh[htpd; tuNtw;ig ,e;jj; jiytHfs; Vw;W mq;F nrd;wdH.
Nkhp ];NyrUk; cld; nrd;whh;. ,uh[h gioa gifnay;yhk; kwe;J mtHfis
md;Gld; cgrhpj;jhd;. Nkhp ];Nyrhpd; MNyhrid Nghpy; md;W Kjy; ,UtUf;Fk;
,ilNa tpahghuk; Muk;gkhapw;W. mjdhy; ,q;Fs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F mj;jpahtrpag;
nghUl;fs; jilapd;wp fpilj;jd.
Nkhpapd;
,t;tif md;ghy; ftug;gl;l kf;fs; mtiu md;Gld; 'kh" vd mioj;jdH. Nkhp
mbf;fb fhyhghUf;Fr; nrd;W jd; gioa ed;gh;fis fz;L tUtJz;L. ,d;ndhU
Kf;fpakhd Ntiy> nfhy;yg;glg; NghFk; ,ul;ilg; gps;isfisj; Njbr; nrd;W
mtHfis kPlLtUtJ. ,g;Gbahf mtUila kp\d; epiyaj;jpy; mNef ,ul;ilg;
gps;isfs; ,Ue;jdH.
Rw;wpYKs;s
fpuhkq;fspy; jiytHfSf;Fs; VjhtJ gpur;rid vd;whNyh> my;yJ nghJ
kf;fSf;F VjhtJ rz;il vd;whNyh> MNyhridf;fhf Nkhp ];Nyrhplk; tUtH.
rpy rkaq;fspy; xU ehs; KOtJk; cl;fhh;e;J mtHfSila gpur;ridfisj; jPHj;J
itg;ghh;. ,tUila rkurk; vy;yhUf;Fk; ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukha; mike;jJ.
Mifahy; ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk; ,e;jg; gFjpfspy; NtNw ePjpgjpfis
epakpg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf Nkhp ];NyriuNa ePjpgjpahf epakpj;jJ. md;wpypUe;J
Nkhp 'nts;is uhzp" vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tNu gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngd; ePjpgjp. mth; jd;Dila gjtpiag; gad;gLj;jp mNef
gphpl;b\; mYtyh;fisAk;> Mg;gphpf;f [hjpapdiuAk; fpwp];JTf;Fs; top
elj;jpdhh;. Nkhp ];Nyrh; Mw;wpa Copak;> Mg;gphf;fh; eLtpy; mth;
cz;lhf;fpa ehfhPfKk; njspthf njhpa Muk;gpj;jd. ntF fhykhf ,J
ntspAyfj;jpw;F njhpahjpUe;jJ. ntspAyfk; Nkhp ];Nyriug;gw;wpAk;> mtuJ
Copaj;ijg;gw;wpAk; Nfs;tpg;gl;lNghJ gphpl;b\; murd;> mtuJ Nritiag;
ghuhl;b 'nts;sp rpYit" #l;b mtiu nfsutpj;jhd;.
Nkhp ];NyrH
jdJ tajhd fhyj;jpy; jd; jha;ehL jpUk;g tpUk;gtpy;iy. jd; filrp %r;R tiu
Mg;gphpf;fhtpNyNa ciof;f jPh;khdpj;jhH. tajhd fhyj;jpy; cz;lhd
RftPdj;ijf;$l nghUs;gLj;jtpy;iy. mtUf;F cz;lhd RftPdj;jpd; epkpj;jk;
gLj;jgLf;ifahFk;NghJ$l Mg;gphpf;f kf;fSf;fhf n[gk; gz;Ztjpy; Neuj;ij
nrytpl;lhh;. 1915-Mk; tUlk; [dthp 13-Mk; ehs; mth; vd;nwd;Wkha; Nrtpj;j
tpz; murd; mtiuj; jd; ,uh[;aj;jpw;Fs; mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.
